Ukusetshenziswa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kwe-ultrasound ku-biochemistry kufanele kube ukuphihliza udonga lweseli nge-ultrasound ukuze kukhululwe ekuqukethe.Ucwaningo olwalandela luye lwabonisa ukuthi i-ultrasound ye-low-intensity ingakhuthaza inqubo yokusabela kwe-biochemical.Isibonelo, i-ultrasonic irradiation ye-liquid Nutrient base ingakhuphula izinga lokukhula kwamaseli algal, ngaleyo ndlela ikhulise inani lamaprotheni akhiqizwa yilawa maseli izikhathi ezintathu.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nokushuba kwamandla okugoqa kwe-cavitation bubble, ukuminyana kwamandla enkambu yomsindo we-ultrasonic kuye kwandiswa izikhathi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane, okuholela ekugxilweni okukhulu kwamandla;Izenzakalo ze-Sonochemical kanye ne-sonoluminescence ezibangelwa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu nokucindezela okukhiqizwa ama-bubbles e-cavitation kuyizinhlobo eziyingqayizivele zamandla kanye nokushintshaniswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ku-sonochemistry.Ngakho-ke, i-ultrasound idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwamakhemikhali, ukukhiqizwa kwe-biodiesel, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-organic, ukwelashwa kwe-microbial, ukuwohloka kwezinto ezingcolile ezinobuthi, isivinini sokusabela kwamakhemikhali kanye nesivuno, ukusebenza kahle kwe-catalyst, ukwelashwa kwe-biodegradation, ukuvimbela nokususwa kwe-ultrasonic scale, ukuchotshozwa kwamangqamuzana e-biological. , ukuhlakazeka kanye ne-agglomeration, kanye nokusabela kwe-sonochemical.

1. ultrasonic ngcono chemical reaction.

I-Ultrasound ithuthukisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali.Amandla amakhulu okushayela i-ultrasonic cavitation.Ukuwa kwe-bubble core ye-cavitating kukhiqiza izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lendawo, ukucindezela okuphezulu kanye nomthelela onamandla kanye ne-jet encane, ehlinzeka ngendawo entsha futhi ekhetheke kakhulu ngokomzimba namakhemikhali ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okunzima noma okungenakwenzeka ukufeza ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile.

2. Ultrasonic catalytic reaction.

Njengenkambu entsha yocwaningo, ukusabela kwe-ultrasonic catalytic kuye kwakhanga isithakazelo esikhulu.Imiphumela eyinhloko ye-ultrasound ekuphenduleni kwe-catalytic yilezi:

(1) Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu nomfutho ophakeme kunomthelela ekuqhekekeni kwama-reactants abe ama-radicals mahhala kanye ne-divalent carbon, okwenza izinhlobo zokusabela ezisebenzayo;

(2) I-Shock wave ne-micro jet ine-desorption kanye nemiphumela yokuhlanza endaweni eqinile (njenge-catalyst), engasusa imikhiqizo yokusabela phezulu noma okuphakathi kanye nongqimba lwe-catalyst passivation surface;

(3) I-Shock wave ingacekela phansi isakhiwo esisabelayo

(4) Isistimu esabelayo ehlakazekile;

(5) I-Ultrasonic cavitation idiliza i-metal surface, futhi i-wave shock iholela ekuguqulweni kwe-lattice yensimbi kanye nokwakhiwa kwendawo yangaphakathi yobunzima, okuthuthukisa umsebenzi wokusabela kwamakhemikhali wensimbi;

I-6) Thuthukisa i-solvent ukuze ingene ekuqineni ukukhiqiza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukusabela kokufakwa;

(7) Ukwenza ngcono ukuhlakazwa kwe-catalyst, i-ultrasonic ivame ukusetshenziswa ekulungiseleleni i-catalyst.I-ultrasonic irradiation ingandisa indawo ye-catalyst, yenza izingxenye ezisebenzayo zihlakazeke ngokulinganayo futhi zithuthukise umsebenzi we-catalytic.

3. Ultrasonic polymer chemistry

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-ultrasonic positive polymer chemistry kudonse ukunaka okubanzi.Ukwelashwa kwe-Ultrasonic kungonakalisa ama-macromolecules, ikakhulukazi ama-polymers anesisindo samangqamuzana aphezulu.I-Cellulose, i-gelatin, irabha kanye namaprotheni angonakaliswa ukwelashwa kwe-ultrasonic.Njengamanje, ngokuvamile kukholelwa ukuthi indlela yokuchithwa kwe-ultrasonic ibangelwa umphumela wamandla kanye nokucindezela okukhulu lapho i-bubble ye-cavitation iqhuma, kanti enye ingxenye yokuchithwa kungase kube ngenxa yomphumela wokushisa.Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, i-ultrasound yamandla nayo ingaqala i-polymerization.I-ultrasound irradiation enamandla ingaqala i-copolymerization ye-polyvinyl alcohol ne-acrylonitrile ukuze kulungiswe ama-block copolymers, kanye ne-copolymerization ye-polyvinyl acetate ne-polyethylene oxide ukwenza ama-graft copolymers.

4. Ubuchwepheshe obusha bokusabela kwamakhemikhali obuthuthukiswa insimu ye-ultrasonic

Inhlanganisela yobuchwepheshe obusha bokusabela kwamakhemikhali kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwensimu ye-ultrasonic kungenye indlela yokuthuthukisa engaba khona emkhakheni wamakhemikhali e-ultrasonic.Isibonelo, i-supercritical fluid isetshenziswa njengendlela ephakathi, futhi insimu ye-ultrasonic isetshenziselwa ukuqinisa ukusabela kwe-catalytic.Isibonelo, uketshezi olubucayi lunokuminyana okufana noketshezi kanye ne-viscosity kanye ne-diffusion coefficient efana negesi, okwenza ukuncibilika kwalo kulingane noketshezi kanye namandla alo okudlulisa okukhulu alingane negesi.Ukuvalwa kwe-catalyst heterogeneous kungathuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo ezinhle zokuncibilika nokusabalalisa uketshezi olunamandla, kodwa ngokungangabazeki uqweqwe lwekhekhe uma insimu ye-ultrasonic ingasetshenziswa ukuyiqinisa.I-wave shock kanye nejethi elincane elikhiqizwe yi-cavitation ye-ultrasonic akukwazi nje ukuthuthukisa kakhulu uketshezi olunamandla kakhulu ukuhlakaza ezinye izinto eziholela ekwenziweni kokusebenza kwe-catalyst, ukudlala indima ye-desorption nokuhlanza, nokugcina i-catalyst isebenza isikhathi eside, kodwa futhi idlale indima yokunyakazisa, engahlakaza uhlelo lokusabela, futhi yenze izinga lokudlulisa ngobuningi lokusabela kwamakhemikhali oketshezi oluphezulu kakhulu liye ezingeni eliphakeme.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu nokucindezela okuphezulu endaweni eyenziwe yi-cavitation ye-ultrasonic kuyoba usizo ekuqhekekeni kwama-reactants abe ama-radicals mahhala futhi kusheshise kakhulu izinga lokuphendula.Njengamanje, kunezifundo eziningi mayelana nokusabela kwamakhemikhali oketshezi olunamandla kakhulu, kodwa izifundo ezimbalwa ekuthuthukisweni kokusabela okunjalo ngensimu ye-ultrasonic.

5. ukusetshenziswa kwe-high-power ultrasonic ekukhiqizeni i-biodiesel

Isihluthulelo sokulungiswa kwe-biodiesel yi-catalytic transesterification ye-fatty acid glyceride ene-methanol nezinye i-alcohol ephansi ye-carbon.I-Ultrasound ingaqinisa ngokusobala ukusabela kwe-transesterification, ikakhulukazi kumasistimu wokusabela ahlukahlukene, ingathuthukisa kakhulu umphumela wokuxuba (emulsification) futhi ikhuthaze ukusabela kokuxhumana kwamangqamuzana okungaqondile, ukuze ukusabela okudingekayo ekuqaleni kwenziwe ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa (ukucindezela okuphezulu) ingaqedwa ekamelweni lokushisa (noma eduze negumbi lokushisa), Futhi unciphise isikhathi sokuphendula.I-ultrasonic wave ayisetshenziswanga kuphela kwinqubo ye-transesterification, kodwa futhi ekuhlukaniseni ingxube yokusabela.Abacwaningi baseMississippi State University e-United States basebenzisa ukucubungula kwe-ultrasonic ekukhiqizeni i-biodiesel.Isivuno se-biodiesel sidlule ama-99% phakathi kwemizuzu emi-5, kanti uhlelo olujwayelekile lwe-batch reactor luthathe isikhathi esingaphezu kwehora elingu-1.